GRAMMATICAL IN SOUGB
OPAN SHINCAN
Student Reg. No. 200851071
DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH LITERATURE
FACULTY OF LETTER
STATE UNIVERSITY OF PAPUA
MANOKWARI
2012
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background
Language is a tool of communication that has been pronounced and created from one of follow space by human body. It articulated through stomach then move to lungs and from lungs proceeds as natural until created an amazingly process: phone, phoneme, morph, morpheme, word, sentence, clause, paragraph, and language. The one of important thing for human to do the interaction is language. All people live with have interaction. In interaction, the human needs communication process certainly. The meaning of this sentence purpose is language. Every people have a language. The language is main instrument to do the communication process. All the things that sent or heard are altogether conducted with language that is why some people learn knowledge of linguistics.
“Linguistics is the scientific study of language, for example its structure, relationship to other form of communication, and others.” (Hornby: 1980:31). Linguistics focuses on language study. That study in examples is how language formed, language sound, its structure, and how people use it in society. In general, linguistics have branches are phonology, syntax, morphology, sociolinguistics, semantics, pragmatics, and the others.
Indonesia is a country that has many provinces with its languages. Papua is one of them. This island has more or less than 421,981 km2, and is occupied by people who differ in cultures which have more than 250 local languages.
The researcher takes Sougb as one of languages that used in west Papua for research. Seeing the several things above, the researcher is focus on grammatical relation that is happening in Subject, Verb, and Object based on tenses in Sougb language.
1.2 Language and its speakers
The term ‘language’ is Sougb is called ‘Mer’ and Sougb has meaning ethnic (Sayori.2010.pc). Sougb has another name that is ‘Manikion’. However, according to the people Manikion is not their own term and was only used by outsider. The term has negative meaning toward the existential of Sougb people. Thus, Sougb people prohibit the use of term. Manikion consists of two words: Mani ‘oil’ and kion ‘dregs’ so Manikionmeans ‘oil dregs’ (Mandachan,p.c., December 2012 ). In Indasari (2010:2).
According to Reesink (2002) the speakers of Sougb language are approximately 12.000 people. There are approximately 50 villages which use Sougb language in daily live. The community of Sougb language lives between the Anggi Lake which is in the north and the southern border of Bintuni bay. Reesink (2002) also mentioned about Sougb language has tree major dialects; (1) SougbMisenis spoken in the sub-district Anggi, Suserei, Merdei, Ransiki, Oransbari. (2) Bohonthis dialects is spoken along the coast around Ransiki. (3) Lou thos and arm area referring to southern dialects and also the minor dialects is Sre or Cicir which spoken by small group of people near the mouth of the Rembuni River in Manokwari. Reesink also points out that language is closed to Meyah and Hatam language typologically, Sougb has SVO word order.
1.3 Demography
The speakers of Sougb are found in Anggi, Merdey, Bintuni and Ransiki. Some of them live in Anggisubdistrict and it is believed that Anggi is the center for the spread of Arfak people for the first time ( Apomfires and Sapulete, 1993: 257-258).
Anggisubdistrict on the north side borders with Warmaresubdistrict, on the west, it borders with Kebarsubdistricts, on the south borders with Merdey and Bintunisubdistrict, and on the east, it borders with Ransikisubdistrict (Apomfires and Sapulete, 1993: 258).
Demographically, according to Manokwari statistic office 2008, the total population of Anggi is about 2016 consisting of 1039 males and 977 females. Anggi is located in attitude of 700 meters to 2000 meters above the sea levels (Tucker, 1987 in Apomfire and sapulete, 1993: 258). The Anggisubdistrict is in the Iraiwery in the edge of AnggiGiji Lake.
Apomfire and Sapulete (1993: 256) add that the livelihood of Anggi people is farming. The main crops of their farms are cassava, taro, bananas, papaya and vegetables such as spinach. They also plant other nutritious vegetables such as onion, carrot, beans, cabbage, and other types. Besides farming, they also hunt some wild animals for their daily needs such as cuscus (Phalanger sp.), marsupials (Dendrolagus, sp), and forest pigs (SusScrofa). They also catch some fish such as and fresh fish as they live close to the AnggiLake.
Topography of Papua varies from low land and swampy up to the highland with snowing mountain. Papua Island is surrounded by Pacific Ocean in the Northern part, Moluccas province – Arafura Sea and Australia in the Southern part, Moluccas and North – Moluccas province in the west, and Papua New Guinea in the Eastern part. (Majelis Rakyat Papua/People Assembly of Papuan 2006:41). In Diantini (2010:1).
1.4 Ethnography
The livelihood ofSougb people in Ransiki are hunters and famers. As hunters they hunt animal such as pig, deer, rat, cassowary, and cuscus. Ransiki is a place where many ethnics such as transmigrants people live together with Sougb people. Sougb people are Christian, but in Ransiki there are also catholic, Moslem and Hinduism living together. Traditionally, Sougb people believe that God who occupies the sky is Ajemoa and Siba. They have two sons; Iba and Aiba, and one daughter Towansiba (Apomfires and Sapulele 1993).
1.5 linguistics affiliation
sougb language is part of Eastern Bird’s Head group, and spoken together with sister’s language of Arfak such Hattam, Meyah and Moile. According to its linguistics affiliation Sougb is classified as follow:
Papuan >
Trans New Guinea>
West New Guinea>
Eastern Bird’s Head>
Eastern Bird’s Head Sentani>
East Bird’s Head>
Manition/Manikion (Sougb).
(This classification is accommodation from Foley 2000, Ethnologue and Reesink 2002.)
1.6 Language use and attitudes
sougb people use the language in social community divided into two parts, there are; ‘soft sougb language’ and ‘rude sougb language’. Soft sougb is spoken when the people say with different social class like: at office, at school, etc. for examples go home in soft sougb is ‘modejeda’ and garden ‘luga’. While rude sougb is spoken with other people in daily like speak with friend, brother, or sister, etc. For example go home in rude sougb is ‘moded’ and gardenin soft sougb is ‘lo’. Rude sougb is spoken in Anggi, Ransiki, and Manokwari, while soft sougb is used in Isim and Merdey (Mandacan, p.c., December 2010).In Diantini (2010:4).
1.7 Research questions
This paper is clarifying of grammatical relation process in Sougb language, so there is question which representatively in this research.
- What does the grammatical relation look like in Sougb language?
1.8 Research purposes
Based on the questions upper, this study will focus of the grammatical relation with target to give evidence; is grammatical relation from Subject, Verb, truly can happen in Sougb language based on tenses? And what are the factors which influence until the grammatical relation from Subject; Verb in Sougb language can happened?
1.9 Benefits of the research
This research paper is my final research task to complete my education at the state University of Papua, Manokwari. Not only that this research will be the one of reference especially linguistics majors students, and such as requirement Bachelor of Art in faculty of letter – UNIPA.
CHAPTER II
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Previous Studies
The study on Sougb language and culture in the beginning wan initiated by SIL missionaries. From their study they provided some information related to the translation of Bible in Sougb language. In addition, at the earlier age when contact happened with Netherlands (Dutch) government, there much ethnographic information about Arfak in general and Sougb in specific has been studied and brought to Eroupe by the Europen scholar. Other information regarding to Sougb language where provided by some linguist such as Voorhoeve and Reesink but still limited.
Some studied in Sougb also have been conducted by some scholar such as Apomfire and Sapulete (1993) which describe about the Arfak as mountain slope people. Besides, Voorhoeve has classified the language’s level of stock in 1975 and in 1987; he identified that dialect chains of tha language.
Reesink (2000) studied a grammar sketch. Reesink (2002) studied the grammar and typology of the language. There are some references of Sougb those have been used in this study. Those references are selected from previous studies by local students. First Darsini (2010) describes form and functions in Sougb pronouns; a language of east bird’s head of Papua. In her research she describes about the types of pronoun and possessive in sougb.Second Ni WayanDiantini (2010) she describes about comparison of grammatical relation in hattam and sougb. And the last one is Fitriani Indah sari (2010) she also describes about affixation in sougb.
2.2 Theoretical Framework
2.2.1 Definitions of Grammatical Relation
A grammatical relation is a role of a noun phrase or complement clause that determiners syntactic behaviors of a word in position of clause of which grammatical relation is performing through noun existence as a subject, verb and object.
Most agree that grammatical relation is not a mechanism of change in its own right, but relies primarily on reanalysis and also extension. This being the case, it will be helpful to define these notions before examining what supporters have to say about their relation to grammatical relation by its self.
Harris and Campbell (1995) argue that there is only there mechanism of syntactic change: reanalysis, extension, and borrowing; grammatical relation can come about by any of three, through reanalysis predominates. Reanalysis changes the underline structure of a grammatical relation, but does not modify surface manifestation. The underline structure includes constituency, hierarchical structure, grammatical categories, grammatical relation and cohesion. Surface manifestation includes morphological marking (morphological case, agreement, gender and word order). The grammatical relation is not equal, but not separate. They recognize that grammatical relation changes typically involves reanalysis, but not all cases of reanalysis are instance of grammatical relation. Indeed, many reanalysis do not involve grammaticalization, many word order changes, and changes from of equal or less grammatical strength, and all the instances of counterexamples to unidirectionality mentioned above – i.e. any reanalysis which does not involve lexical > grammatical > grammatical > more grammatical; or discourse structure >morphosyntactic.
2.3 Focus of study
The focus of this research is grammatical relation in Sougb, especially in subject (singular/plural), verb and adverb of time. In Sougb when they talk about something that has been happened, the verb that has plural’s subject will be change nevertheless without adverb of time, but when its subject has just singular subject, its verb can change too with one agreement, we have to put an adverb of time in backside sentence.
2.4 Summary
Sougb is a nice language which thereis in Papua that can be made a research object. Just some people who have done their research about this language. They are Darsini, in her research she describes about the types of pronoun and possessive in sougb. Second Ni WayanDiantini, she describes about comparison of grammatical relation in Hattam and Sougb. And the last one is Fitriani Indah sari she also describes about affixation in Sougb.Many subject more that still require to study. So now, the researcher tries to study about an analysis grammatical relation in Sougb.
CHAPTER III
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
3.1 Place and Time
This research conducted at around of Amban area which the researcher look for the native speakers in place of speech community of Sougb like at Mansinam hostel, and a place in Manunggal where one of people group live. The time to intake the data is during three months in April until juny 2012.
3.2 Research Methods
3.2.1 Library Research
The researcher also uses many facilities to complete the research. Those facilities like internet researching and CELD office that providing books to support the research.
3.2.2 Interview
This method is conducted to howknow the situation there. The researcher does the interview to ask about meaning of the name of language, their history, and sociolinguistics situation, especially about grammatical relation in sougb.
3.2.3 Elicitation
The elicitation method on this research is makes the questions about grammatical relation in sougb, especially in subject (singular/plural), verb (past, preset, and future tense) and adverb of time.
3.3 Population and Sample
The population of this research is the whole of the grammatical relation in sougb and as my sample I focus in several sentences that have many changes especially in subject, verb, aspect, tense and adverb of time in sougb.
3.4 Data Collection
To collecting the data, the researcher uses wordlist, paper and pen, and laptop as the tools to support the research.
3.5 Data Analysis
In analyzing data, I use tense and aspect in several sentences in sougb. I try to see its change, when its use tense (past, present, future), and when its use aspect especially in its verb.
REFERENCES
Apomfires, F. and Sapulete, K (1993). MasyarakatArfak di Anggi, Manokwari, Irianjaya. inKoentjaraningrat, et al. MasyarakatTerasing di Indonesia. Jakarta :Gramedia.
Diantini, N W. 2010. Comparison of Grammatical Relation in Hattam and Sougb Language.Published skripsiManokwari: Faculty of Letters.The State University of Papua.
Ethnologue. 2012. A Language of Indonesia (Papua):Sougb. tersedia: http://www.etnologue.com%5C/15/show_language.asp?code=akc.accsessed27 november 2012.
Folley, William, A. (2000). The Language of New Guinea.In Annual Rev Antropology. Sydney: The University of Sydney, New Sath Wales.
Hornby, A. (rev.). 1980. Oxford Student’s Dictionary of Current English. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Indasari F .2010. Affixation process in sougb language. Published skripsiManokwari : faculty of letter. The State University of Papua.
Lyle C. and Haris( 1995). Collecton of Grammar, Active/Agentive Case Marking, Department of Linguistic, University of Canterbury. New Zealand.
Reesink, Ger. 2002. Language of the Eastern Bird’s Head.Canbera: Pacific Linguistics. Research School of Pacific and Asian Studies.The Australian National University.
opanchan 